Paradigmas, enfoques y métodos de investigación: un análisis teórico y metodológico sistemático Paradigms, approaches and research methods: a systematic theoretical and methodological analysis
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A pesquisa científica contemporânea é caracterizada por uma diversidade de paradigmas, abordagens e métodos que, embora enriqueçam nossa compreensão da realidade, também representam desafios em termos de coerência metodológica e da seleção apropriada para cada objeto de estudo. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão teórica sistemática e uma análise metodológica aprofundada dos principais paradigmas (positivista, interpretativo, crítico, pragmático), abordagens (quantitativa, qualitativa, mista) e métodos de pesquisa (hipotético-dedutivo, indutivo, dedutivo, emergente). O objetivo é oferecer esclarecimento conceitual e orientação para a aplicação rigorosa dessas ferramentas na pesquisa. Por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, foram analisados artigos científicos publicados em bases de dados de alto impacto, como Scopus, Web of Science e SciELO, nos últimos 10 a 15 anos. Os resultados revelam tendências na adoção de abordagens mistas e o surgimento de metodologias inovadoras, destacando a necessidade de uma compreensão contextualizada e crítica das opções metodológicas. Conclui-se que a escolha do paradigma, da abordagem e do método deve ser um processo reflexivo e justificado, alinhado com a natureza do problema de pesquisa e os objetivos propostos, contribuindo assim para a robustez e a validade dos estudos científicos.
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